Alongside the SS, the Gestapo, under Himmler, played a major role in carrying out the Final Solution, from the liquidation of the Ghettos to transportation of prisoners to the concentration camps. It was one of the most brutal days of the twenty-nine-year rule of Papa Doc and his son, Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. [5][7] In 1993 Antoine Izmry was assassinated at a mass commemorating the massacre. ", Montas recalls "the smell of rotting bodies for days, but also the gripping smell of fear. Execution in Haiti is generally by shooting. These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. Seligman estimated the number of innocent victims (men, women and children) at 3,000. She was seventeen years old. 2013, Amy Wilentz, Farewell, Fred . With one out of every 43 Romanians on the Securitates payroll, it was nearly impossible for those opposed to the regime to organize in any meaningful numbers. Roorda, Eric Paul, The Dictator Next Door: the Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1998. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, IV. _ *** (Castor, 1988: 173-175; Gaillard, 1983: 282; Renda, 2001: 34). 1929 (December 6): In Marchaterre, in the vicinity of Les Cayes (in the South of the country), the US Marines opened fire on a peaceful demonstration of peasants, killing between 12 and 22 of them. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his son's reign of power. The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. While the young have never been told, while so many older Haitians have chosen to forget, while some politicians are now attempting to rewrite history, and while the charges against Jean Claude Duvalier are still pending, I hope that the voices of those saying 'never again' will this time be heard.". [from 20th c.] 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. While hurricanes, floods and earthquakes have all devastated the landscape over the years, the biggest threat has come from humans. General Kebreau, who was responsible for the killings, was nicknamed General Thompson, in reference to the automatic weapons used by his soldiers. The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. The approximate number of civilians and unarmed combatants killed during the civil war remains unknown but, according to historian Roger Gaillard, the peasants paid a heavy price.. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. As of August 2004, the minister of Justice had asked for the United Nations and the OAS participation in carrying out forensic analysis. Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. , updated Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Troisime Partie. President Prval, who was democratically elected in November 1995, was in power during the interval from 1996 to 2001. All the perpetrators knew the executed families well. However, most of those responsible for the repression escaped prosecution. A few days prior to January 17, a Justice of the Peace had ordered the arrest of 27 peasants from Gervais after the destruction of a storage area belonging to another party to the conflict. According to an OAS report (ICRH, 1991), the roots of the killing lie in a land conflict in the village of Terre-Casse, near Gervais, Guyton and Coligny, opposing several peasant families and local small landowners since 1973. Although the event was investigated by several prominent journalists and the human rights group National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), its existence remains controversial and supporters of Aristide (who was President at the time), as well as the media in favor of him, deny it ever took place. A member of the Tonton Macoutes in Haiti; by extension, a thug or criminal. 1991 (September 30, October 1): Coup. [citation needed] After Duvalier's death, he was ordered into exile by Duvalier's widow Simone, and son, Baby Doc Duvalier. The total number of political prisoners who starved to death, were executed, or died under torture in public or private prisons remains unknown. In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985, and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. About fifty Ougans and Mambos (priests and priestesses of the Voodoo religion) were killed for their links or alleged links with the Duvalier regime. On October 5, the Dominican army closed the border to prevent Haitians from escaping. [6] He profited by extortion carried out by his henchmen and by supplying corpses and blood to universities and hospitals in the United States. Cette vido prsente des tmoignages recueillis par Amnesty International en 1985 sur les arrestations arbitraires et les actes de. 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. Several families were entirely exterminated. Carri later refuted the allegation. At the same period, locals had been embroiled in a tax dispute and had refused to pay taxes on the sale of agricultural products, which had alienated the Duvalier regime further. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. The name is Haitian French, apparently with reference to an ogre of folk tales. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. [17], The Tontons Macoute were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in the 1961 presidential referendum, in which Duvalier's official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent 1,320,748 to 0, electing him to another term. "Soldiers and Tonton Macoutes seemed infected with a blood lust and shot anyone who moved or came near the Benoit place," retired Marine Corps officer Charles T. Williamson, in Haiti to help train Duvalier's army, wrote in his 1999 memoir, United States Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. At least 13 people[1] (it is impossible to say how many;[2] some sources say 50[3]) were killed and around 80 wounded in a three-hour assault on the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, which saw the church burned down. All the victims were Duvalierists and close to the Duvalier family, or to Papa Doc himself. 1969 (July 22): Massive execution of left-wing political prisoners, who had been arrested during the previous days and weeks. Printed and made by the E.J. At least two anti-Aristide youths, Jean-Baptiste Knol and Joseph Leroy, were thrown alive into a burning building. Founded in 1950, the Stasi took many of its cues from the Soviet Unions KGB, and truth be told during the entire Cold War the KGB and Stasis alliances were so close that they shared offices in both Germany and Russia, and had political privileges in each country. sword and fairy 7 how to change language. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}183058N 721706W / 18.516N 72.285W / 18.516; -72.285 Several of the persons responsible for the killing (prison guards and soldiers) were tried and acquitted in July 1917. Described by one commentator as an 'international crime scene' rather than a country, Haiti became infamous around the world during the reign of Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, a former doctor who murdered 100,000 people and formed a private band of killers called the Tonton Macoutes. The Tonton Macountes were a staple in the country putting Papa Doc's opponents in their place. The Trujillo regimes policy of State-sponsored terror, as well as the racist, anti-Haitian ideology put forward by the regime and Dominican intellectuals, provided the context for these events, although Turits (2003), in a seminal work on these killings identified the defense of territorial integrity (against a perceived Haitianization of frontier areas), as a decisive factor. The number of victims is unknown but is said to be above three hundred for the first two days. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. The names, in Crole, of the US officers who committed acts of violence against civilians, are still present in collective memory in the affected areas: Ouiliyanm (Lieutenant Lee Williams), Linx (Commandant Freeman Lang) and Captain Lavoie (Gaillard, 1981: 27-71). Several notorious macoutes, such as William Rgala, one of those responsible for the Vpres Jrmiennes, were promoted to political posts. Turits (2003: 169) also contended that Dominican civilians did not participate in the killings, contrarily to Castors perception of the events (1988), as well as that of Haitian collective memory. Garcia, Juan Manuel, La Matanza de los haicianos : Genocidio de Trujillo, 1937, Santo Domingo: Alfa y Omega, 1983. Haitis Illegal Prime Minister Arrests the Legal One, in Haiti-Progrs, June 2004. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. THE TONTON MACOUTES In order to intimidate the Garde, which still had some professional standards, Du-valier organized a "militia" which may num-ber some 8,000 men. Most of the victims had lived in the poor neighborhoods of Bel-Air, La Saline and Saint-Martin. Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. Roadblocks were set up. Mission Civile Internationale en Hati (MICIVIH), Rapport Trimestriel avril-juin 1999, Port-au-Prince, 1999. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. List of battleships of the United States Navy, homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Defunct law enforcement agencies of Haiti, The Central Nervous System of Haitis Reign of Terror, http://books.google.com/books?id=LOhHGx4v23oC&pg=PA33, http://books.google.com/books?id=F84K3p923iIC&pg=PA66, http://books.google.com/books?id=bNLG1G2SnpkC&pg=PA202, http://books.google.com/books?id=4IIB0Yu_sL4C&pg=PA21, The Serpent and the Rainbow film which mentions them. Human Rights Watch said that the Avril regime's decision was a political, not a legal one, as the regime had the legal option of not granting safe passage, and had made no effort to challenge the Republic's asylum decision. During their reign, an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 men, women, and children were killed. Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. The bombs may have been handmade or grenades thrown from the planes. Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. Some will commemorate it on social media, on Twitter and Facebook. At least two young women, Anne and Ktia, were raped in the pro-Aristide police station of Saint-Marc, where they had come to report the assassination of their spouses. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II, http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/, http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire crackled at night, resulting in what Bernard Diederich, co-author (with Al Burt) of Papa Doc and the Tonton Macoutes, recently called "a day of mayhem, genocide! 1987 (July 1-3): Army soldiers killed 22 workers on strike in the harbor of Port-au-Prince. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Radiographie dune dictature. "Uncle Gunnysack." [4] Aristide, who had survived at least six attempts on his life after a fiery 1985 Mass had helped spark the unrest which eventually led to the 1986 overthrow of the dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier,[5] was evacuated from the church into a residence inside the church compound. With one in ten under-40s infected with HIV, and millions living in squalor and destitution, thousands try to flee each year to the U.S. by hanging on to anything that will float. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. Furthermore, on December 5, US air forces bombed the port of the city of Les Cayes, in the South of the country, one day before the December 6 killing, in order to intimidate the population. Under the rule of interim President Ertha Pascale Trouillot, in the rural area of Saint-Marc (in the Artibonite discrict, North of the capital), three dozen army soldiers and armed local civilians killed 11 peasants, in the villages of Piatre, Djean, Dupervil, Ka Jan and Ti Plas, in the context of a land conflict between local peasants and big landowners. The Tonton Macoutes cut out the hearts, eyes and lungs of opponents with machetes, while Papa Doc, who stole almost a billion pounds in foreign aid, insisted that every television and radio programme had to be entirely in praise of his rule. The SAVAK was the Shah of Irans secret police force from 1957 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Tonton Macoute var prsidentens privatmilits i Haiti.Gruppen blev oprettet i 1959 af Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc" to r efter at han blev prsident. 1990 (March 12): Event known as the massacre de Piatre (also pronounced Pitre or Piastre). Available at: http://www.fordi9.com/Pages/Victlist/ListA.htm. In 1918 and 1919, many Caco prisoners were systematically executed once they had been disarmed, following explicit, written orders (in Gaillard, 1981: 32-39, 49, 214, 307). Most of the victims of this popular justice lived downtown and, therefore, were macoute chiefs of lesser importance or even miserable wretches (Trouillot, 1990: 155). In 1995, once constitutional rule and democracy had been restored, the Truth and Justice Commission investigated the crimes and human rights violations committed during this regime and published a detailed report (1995). Some civilians who had attempted to flee were killed. _ *** (NCHR, 1986: 18-19; Human Rights Watch, 1996). National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Americas Watch, Haiti. When Papa Doc began killing anyone he suspected of political opposition, Emmanuel took action . Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. macoutes typically raided a house of alleged opponents, killed its inhabitants, including elderly people, children and servants, with guns and machetes, before moving to another house of an alleged opponent of the regime. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. 1991 (October 2): The army killed at least 7 individuals in Gonaives, Artibonite, including one child and one adolescent, during a demonstration in support of President Aristide. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariatwas the social background of most macoutes. Members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, commonly known as the Tonton Macoute, Haiti 1960 photo credit by reddit Over their 28-year run, the Makout killed an estimated 60,000 people, according to the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Statements by several officers have established that they did not know the reasons for their execution. 1994 (night of February 2-3): Killing named Massacre de Carrefour Vincent by the Truth and Justice Commission. Many times they put the corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition. 1916-1917. _ The websites mentioned above list most of the victims. On November 9, 2000, after a highly symbolic trial broadcasted live on the radio and led by the judicial authorities with assistance from international organizations, including the United Nations, 16 individuals out of the 29 tried were sentenced to prison terms. The founder and leader of FRAPH, Emmanuel Toto Constant, lives in exile in the United States, in spite of pressure from human rights organizations to have him extradited to Haiti. Those condemned included Castra Cnafils, an army captain, and Jean Tatoune, a FRAPH member. ( from 20th c.) 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. A wave of repression hit the members and supporters of the Communist party during 1969, especially in Cap Haitian and Port-au-Prince. V no. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, III. _ *** (Turits, 2002; Turits, 2003: 161-180; Roorda, 1998: 127-139; Saez, 1988, vol I: 60-70; Castor, 1988; Garcia, 1983; Cuello, 1985). National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Communiqu de Presse, Port-au-Prince, December 5, 2004. Most of the victims were from the military, social and intellectual elites of the country. The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) [1] [2] [3] or simply the Macoute [4] [5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), 1992, Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1991, Washington, D.C., OEA, 1992. An unruly teen survives the night while being hunted by the Haitian Boogieman. Duvalierism since Duvalier, NCHR/ Americas Watch Committee, October 1986. In author Shannon Mayers Forty-Proof series, the 4th installment (titled Midlife Ghost Hunter) uses a voodoo zombie army called the Tonton Macoutes as the main villains army. He once ordered the death of all black dogs in the country after a political enemy was rumoured to have transformed into one. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. This continued until the Tonton Macoute was left on its own when Baby Doc fled the country with an estimated $900m. Most of the inhabitants were forced to flee the area and several dead bodies were eaten by dogs and rodents, as family members, fearing for their lives, preferred not to collect the corpses. 2004 (February 11): Event known as the massacre de la scierie. Fifty individuals, members of an anti-Aristide peoples organization known as RAMSICOM (sometimes spelled RAMICOS) were allegedly killed in the Scierie neighborhood of Saint-Marc by chimres(members of an illegal, armed pro-Aristide group) led by an organization known as Bal Wouz, whose leader, Amanus Mayette, was then a member of the Haitian Parliament. A Macoute from the Duvalier era. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. [6], According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the following day, "five men and one woman appeared on the government controlled television station (Tl Nationale) and admitted their participation in the attack on the church. After 40 years, the Stasi disbanded with the fall of East Germany. "Tonton Macoutes" style death . Eloise was the head of the feared "Tonton Macoute", the Haitian secret police. Emmanuel was a Vodou Hougan (priest) in Port Au Prince, Haiti, where he lived with his wife and children. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. On April 3, several macoutes arrived in the area, set several houses on fire and raped an unknown number of peasant women. Bernard Diederich lived in Haiti for 14 years and had personal experience of the early Duvalier days and the period of Maloire's rule. After an attempted coup d'tat against him in 1958, Duvalier disbanded the army and all law enforcement agencies in Haiti, and executed all high-ranking generals. His work exposes the evil of Duvalier's rule and the tale . The "Tonton Macoutes" often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. There should be no statute of limitations for judgment on that. Cambronne left Haiti in 1971 for Miami, Florida, where he died on 20 September 2006 at 77.[4]. According to MICIVIH forensic examinations conducted within days after the event, all of these 11 extra-judiciary executions were carried out in cold blood: the 11 individuals had been killed while lying down on the floor with both hands tied. Fuller, Anne, La tuerie de la Scierie, Le Nouvelliste, Port-au-Prince, April 2005. [9][11] They began to be called the Tonton Macoute when people started to disappear for no apparent reason. Second only to Stalins secret police force, Hitlers Gestapo terrorized Nazi Germany for 13 years, acting as the main tool of oppressing dissent against the Nazi regime, as the primary force that initially terrorized and rounded up the Jews and latera leading player in the Holocaust. _ Beyond opponents of the regime, the targeted groups cannot be defined in traditional political terms, which made the Duvalierist violence fundamentally new (Trouillot, 1990: 166-170). Journalists were crushed. Fifty years on, the victims of Duvalier pre can only evoke these atrocities ceremonially, while a few of those who suffered similarly under his son were recently able to briefly face him in court. Several Tontons Macoute, their faces taut with worry, stood behind a low cement fence, armed with submachine guns and rifles, belts of ammunition strapped to their waists. Le Grand fauve, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince 1995. Following Ceausescus removal from power in 1989, the Securitate survived two more years, until it was disbanded and reorganized by Romanian Parliament. Geographic (and cultural) isolation of the rural population in the center of the country impeded the flow of information and testimony on acts of violence committed in these areas. _ * (For sources on the massacre thesis, see Roc, 2004; NCHR, March 2004; and Fuller, 2005; for sources that deny the very existence of the event, see Haiti-Progrs, 2004). These attacks may have been the first ever carried out by air on civilian populations. According to witnesses, the FRAPH prevented inhabitants from fleeing their burning houses. "1.2. The dysfunctional Haitian judicial system, plagued with incompetence and the lack of resources, was unable to carry out and conclude its investigation of this event. Executions, most of which probably occurred during periods of open resistance to occupation, from July to November 1915 and again in 1919, seem very much alive in Haitian collective memory. Women were forced to dance and celebrate with the soldiers who stayed in the village. [6], Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the Tonton Macoute in its denial to submit to the will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. Known to torture its victims with methods including electric shock, removal of teeth and finger nails, as well as boiling water treatment, SAVAK spent the majority of its resources weeding out and torturing either the Shia or communist opponents to the Shahs rule. [17] The Tonton Macoute was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like Azaka Medeh, the patron of farmers, and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogun, a great general in Vodou tradition. [16], When Franois Duvalier came to power in 1957, Vodou was becoming celebrated for its purely Haitian heritage by intellectuals and the griots after having been let go for years by those with education. Noun Macoute ( pl. The attempted kidnapping had been orchestrated by Clment Barbot, a macoute and former head of the secret services of Papa Doc, to whom he was close. With Andrea Fantauzzi, Aimee Zannoni, Esteban Dager, Edem Atsu-Swanzy. After the fall and exile of Nord Alexis, the various political and military leaders responsible for the March 14 killing were tried and pardoned. As a result of their political indifference, March 29, 1969 became known as the worst day for the people of Cazale as Duvalier's Tonton Macoute (private army), built a barricade around Cazale, and murdered many young men. Laraque, Paul and Frank, Hati, la lutte et lespoir, Montreal, CIDIHCA, 2003. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. ", The hunt was indeed on for Duvalier's adversaries, army and civilian alike. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. He had assigned two judges to investigate the event. Danner, Mark, Beyond the Mountains, in The New Yorker, December 11, 1989. Several families were entirely wiped out. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, II. The 19 officers may have been suspected or accused of treason by Duvalier, but historians reject this hypothesis and emphasize Duvaliers the terrorist methods: he sometimes had his closest allies killed to ensure even greater submission from the military and the population. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. _ During this period, most of the killings and executions targeted small groups of individuals and therefore can not be listed here. Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Rapport de la Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Port-au-Prince, 1997. Death squads though roamed freely. Papa and Baby Doc were long gone, but gangs of Tonton Macoutes roamed the streets in pick-up trucks, randomly shooting anyone they passed. This letter constitutes the sole written testimony of the acts committed against them. (No subsequent reports from international human rights organizations mention this killing). Article created on Monday, March 3, 1997. When the Hospital could not supply this, the local funeral homes would be used. He often wore a top hat and tails while demanding the skulls of his dead victims were brought to his palace in Port-au-Prince. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN). NE 4; Vinyl LP). _ ** (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162; ICHR, 1991: 470). Tonton Macoutes byly ozbrojen jednotky, kter zdil haitsk dikttor Franois Duvalier jako svoji soukromou armdu a tajnou policii.