Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. [73] During World War II, Italy and Germany occupied several countries in Europe, imposing fascist puppet states upon many of the countries that they invaded. Also, dictatorships . Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. Negative effects include the unraveling of social organizations and democratic institutions and the prohibition of other political parties. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. Italy's Mussolini. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. Personalist dictatorships are more common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to less established institutions in the region. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. 5. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. Abstract. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. Military dictatorship: 2. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. [42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. [52], Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of tyranny, and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" that are comparable to modern dictators. Single-party dictatorships: 5. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . This may be ensured through incentives, such as distribution of financial resources or promises of security, or it may be through repression, in which failing to support the regime is punished. Modern Dictatorships Between 1919 and 1939 there was a great reaction against democracy and dictatorship was established in many countries of the world. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. People who are for dictatorship say it provides for a more stable government, helps abolish corruption, and is more efficient in emergencies. #SOSCuba. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. Democracies can be either parliamentary, semi-presidential, or presidential and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. The government was described as a dictatorship of the proletariat in which power was exercised by soviets. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. China - Communist Regime 4. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. 2. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries As the Cold War went on, the Soviet Union increased its influence in Africa, and MarxistLeninist dictatorships developed in several African countries. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. [57] The rule of a dictator was not necessarily considered tyrannical in Ancient Rome, though it has been described in some accounts as a "temporary tyranny" or an "elective tyranny". Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. [75] Lenin was followed by Joseph Stalin in 1924, who consolidated total power and implemented totalitarian rule by 1929. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. [67] In Europe it was often thought of in terms of Bonapartism and Caesarism, with the former describing the military rule of Napoleon and the latter describing the imperial rule of Napoleon III in the vein of Julius Caesar. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. African Dictators These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. Monarchies: 3. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. " The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. Today, there are only five communist states, some of which are struggling to hold on to communism. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. [98], One of the tasks in political science is to measure and classify regimes as either democracies or dictatorship (authoritarian) countries. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. If the head of state serves for life or is not popularly elected or a fixed term, then the democracy is parliamentary.[1]. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. [56] Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made dictator perpetuo, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the Roman Empire. [93] Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's rump state in Taiwan until his death in 1975. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. [13] After power is seized, the group must determine what positions its members will hold in the new government and how this government will operate, sometimes resulting in disagreements that split the group. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! [107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. Organized opposition is a threat to the stability of a dictatorship, as it seeks to undermine public support for the dictator and calls for regime change. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Most caudillos came from a military background, and their rule was typically associated with pageantry and glamor. - Quora Answer (1 of 66): I will give the country names as well as who the dictator is. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. His economic plans have been praised by leaders like Kemal Pasha. The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. [7] The opposition can be an external group, or it can also include current and former members of the dictator's inner circle. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. [129], Several factors determine the stability of a dictatorship, and they must maintain some degree of popular support to prevent resistance groups from growing. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. and "Which country has a dictatorship as its form of leadership?" As of early 2022, the countries of Afghanistan, Eritrea, North Korea, and Turkmenistan are the only nations in the world whose governments are generally considered to be totalitarian dictatorships. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. Factions or divisions among the elites will mitigate their ability to bargain with the dictator, resulting in the dictator having more unrestrained power. To enact policy, a dictator must either appease the regime's elites or attempt to replace them. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. The number of countries ruled by military dictatorships began to fall sharply after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Albania - Communist Regime 3. This instability in turn required rulers to become increasingly authoritarian to stay in power, further propagating dictatorship in Africa. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. [1]:70. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. Zimbabwe - 1980 to present - Robert Mugabe. The theories about society, capital and labor got turned into a dictatorship, genocide, and poverty. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. Countries that start with: Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. [50] Monarchies allow for strict rules of succession that produce a peaceful transfer of power on the monarch's death, but this can also result in succession disputes if multiple members of the royal family claim a right to succeed. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. [8]:457 Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." [73], Dictatorships in Latin America persisted into the 20th century, and further military coups established new regimes, often in the name of nationalism. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. 10. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. The economic focus of a dictatorship often depends on the strength of the opposition, as a weaker opposition allows a dictator to extract additional wealth from the economy through corruption.[125]. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. [1]:68. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist.
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