[7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. J. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Includes a market overview and trade data. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Agriculture. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. . Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. will supply the domestic market. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Kassaye Tolassa . 27 May 2021. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . [7] Please see below for the market overview and trade data. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. D. espite the countr. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Wubne, Mulatu. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Trade. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. This site contains PDF documents. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities.
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